Use Of Compact Fluorescent Lamps Research Articles

Three-Phase Four-Wire Hybrid Active Power Filter for Mitigating Harmonic Problems Caused by CFLs Lamps based on a Shunt Active Power Filter SAPF in Parallel with a Passive Filter

The widespread integration of nonlinear loads across industrial, commercial, and residential settings has significantly exacerbated power quality issues within contemporary power distribution systems. An example of such nonlinear loads is the prevalent use of compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs), intended as replacements for incandescent lamps (ILs). CFLs have gained popularity owing to their reduced energy consumption and extended lifespan, contributing to their extensive use across various applications. But those lamps inject high harmonic current in the power system. To address this issue, a hybrid active power filter HAPF based on a shunt active power filter SAPF in parallel with a passive filter (PF) is implemented in this paper. The reference current is calculated based on the PQ theory, and the voltage source inverter VSI is controlled via a simple hysteresis current controller (HCC). The results show that the PF is suitable to compensate for the Hight harmonic generated by both the load and the switched device of the APF. Also, this HAPF is well designed and implemented to mitigate all harmonic generated by CFL lamps on the power system, and compensate the reactive power. The THD of the current is reduced from 90.75% before compensation to 0.75% after compensation. This implies that the main injects only the Fundamental current to the power.

Toward Sustainable Power Supply and Consumption of an Emerging Economy (Nigeria)

Electricity supply offers significant and immense benefits to human society, and it is instrumental in driving economic growth, increased standard of living and technological developments. Its sustainable supply and consumption is related to many ecological discussions, and thus, present emphasis on renewable sources, such as solar and hydro. In Nigeria, however, challenges associated with electricity generation, transmission, distribution and consumption have not been adequately tackled. Poor electricity supply has adversely impacted the economy resulting to poor production, higher prices of goods and services, closure of industries, and loss of competitive advantage of Nigerian businesses. Conversely, energy-inefficient and non-conservation consumption behaviour of Nigerian electricity consumers contributes to the electricity demand - demand gap. Energy-efficiency and conservation is a sustainable tool for efficient power system. The paper show that the use of mostly post-paid and unmetered billing system is implicated in energy-inefficient consumption. The paper advocates for deployment of pre-paid meters to every electricity consumer; fiscal management, enforcement of energy saving policies such as use of compact fluorescent lamps (CFL); and emphasis on renewable energy (hydro and solar) sources, for electricity generation.

Impact of Nonlinear Lighting Loads on the Neutral Conductor Current of Low Voltage Residential Grids

In the last decade, mainly due to political incentives towards energy efficiency, the share of lamps with power electronic interfaces, like Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFL) and Light Emitting Diode (LED) lamps, has significantly increased in the residential sector. Their massive use might have a substantial impact on harmonic currents and, consequently, on the current flowing in the neutral conductor. This paper analyzes the impact of modern energy-efficient lighting technologies on the neutral conductor current by using a synthetic Low Voltage residential grid. Different load scenarios reflecting the transition from incandescent lamps, via CFL, to LED lamps are compared concerning the neutral conductor current at different points in the network. The inherent randomness related to the use of lighting devices by each residential customer is considered employing a Monte Carlo simulation. Obtained results show that the use of CFL has a greater impact on the neutral conductor current of Low Voltage (LV) residential grids and that, with increasing use of LED lamps, a decreasing impact can be expected in the future.

APPLYING ENVIRONMENTAL MEASURES AS PART OF SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY: CASE OF CZECH HOTEL CHAIN

The objective of this research article is to analyze the application of environmental measures at accommodation facilities in a selected hotel chain in the Czech Republic. The primary research was carried out between February and April 2018. The data were obtained through a questionnaire survey conducted by email as well as telephone and structured interviews. In terms of science methodology, the research utilized the methods of analysis and generalization. The research sample consisted of 23 accommodation facilities with the best results in the evaluation of the use of compact fluorescent lamps and LED lights (96%), central light switches (77%) and the replacement of bed linen and towels upon request (68%). Based on the research findings, it can be assumed that the accommodation facilities of the selected hotel chain require investing more financial resources into green initiatives and acquainting their staff and guests with this philosophy.

Single‐stage single‐switch high power factor driving circuit for lighting applications

Although compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs) have been in the market for a long time, many of them do not achieve the same power factor as the incandescent lamps do, which appears to be a significant problem for the utility with the current widespread use of CFLs for household lightings. A single-stage single-switch electronic ballast with active power factor correction is presented in this study for CFL applications. Unlike other single-switch ballast circuits, the presented integrated dual-boost converter circuit can produce a symmetric bipolar square-wave voltage, thus generating a near-pure high-frequency sinusoidal voltage on the lamp, which is beneficial to the CFL lifetime. Moreover, its soft-switching variant can achieve the ZVZC turn-on and ZV turn-off for the MOSFET to improve the conversion efficiency. Detailed operating principles and circuit analysis of the proposed circuit have been provided in this study. Simulation and experimental results on a prototype of a 15 W CFL validate the theoretical analysis and highlight the merits of the presented work.

Replacement policy of residential lighting optimized for cost, energy, and greenhouse gas emissions

Accounting for 10% of the electricity consumption in the US, artificial lighting represents one of the easiest ways to cut household energy bills and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by upgrading to energy-efficient technologies such as compact fluorescent lamps (CFL) and light emitting diodes (LED). However, given the high initial cost and rapidly improving trajectory of solid-state lighting today, estimating the right time to switch over to LEDs from a cost, primary energy, and GHG emissions perspective is not a straightforward problem. This is an optimal replacement problem that depends on many determinants, including how often the lamp is used, the state of the initial lamp, and the trajectories of lighting technology and of electricity generation. In this paper, multiple replacement scenarios of a 60 watt-equivalent A19 lamp are analyzed and for each scenario, a few replacement policies are recommended. For example, at an average use of 3 hr day−1 (US average), it may be optimal both economically and energetically to delay the adoption of LEDs until 2020 with the use of CFLs, whereas purchasing LEDs today may be optimal in terms of GHG emissions. In contrast, incandescent and halogen lamps should be replaced immediately. Based on expected LED improvement, upgrading LED lamps before the end of their rated lifetime may provide cost and environmental savings over time by taking advantage of the higher energy efficiency of newer models.

Recycling of rare earths from lamp phosphor waste: Enhanced dissolution of LaPO4:Ce3+,Tb3+ by mechanical activation

With the promoted use of compact fluorescent lamps and the increasing amount of stockpiled compact fluorescent lamp waste, lamp phosphors are becoming an interesting secondary source for critical metals (yttrium, europium and terbium). This paper explores on the mechanism of a new potential hydrometallurgical route to improve the recovery efficiency of rare-earth elements from the green phosphor LaPO4:Ce3+,Tb3+ using mechanical activation as a pretreatment step prior to leaching. By applying an intense frictional action, the leaching yields of rare-earth elements were enhanced from 0.9% to 81% at room temperature, as a consequence of the change in activation energy. The shrinking core model was employed for modelling the leaching kinetics of the rare-earth elements and to calculate the decreasing apparent activation energy of the unmilled and milled samples (from 68 kJ mol−1 to 1.4 kJ mol−1). This difference can be explained by the physicochemical changes, including structural decomposition, specific surface area increase and particle size reduction, which were related to the corresponding leaching pattern. The optimized mechanical activation procedure was successfully applied to lamp phosphor waste, containing a mix of different phosphors. After sequential removal of the halophosphate phosphor and the red YOX phosphor, 99.0%, 87.3% and 86.3% of La, Ce and Tb present in the LaPO4:Ce3+,Tb3+ phosphor could be dissolved. These observations provide more insight in the mechanical activation process and may contribute to a more sustainable alternative route to the rare-earth element recycling industry.

Measurement of actual efficacy of compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs)

The use of compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs) in domestic residences has increased rapidly due to their higher energy efficiency and longer life expectancy when compared with traditional incandescent light bulbs. Through measurement of illuminance, actual power and apparent power, the actual efficacy and associated power factor of CFLs are studied in this paper. It is found that for an individual CFL, although its power consumption and lighting output (i.e. luminous flux) may be higher or lower than the stated values provided by the lighting manufacturers, the actual efficacy would most likely be equal to or better than the efficacy calculated from the given rated power and lumen from the manufacturers. The typical power factor for CFLs was 0.63.

A Single-Switch Valley-Fill Power-Factor-Corrected Electronic Ballast for Compact Fluorescent Lightings With Improved Lamp Current Crest Factor

Although compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs) have been on the market for a long time, many of them do not achieve the same power factor as the incandescent lamps do, which presents a significant problem for the utility with the current widespread use of CFLs for household lightings. A simple single-switch electronic ballast with passive valley-fill power factor correction is proposed in this paper for CFL application. The proposed single-switch ballast circuit is able to achieve zero current switching to maximize the circuit efficiency. A simple feedback circuit with duty ratio control is also proposed to improve the high lamp current crest factor caused by the valley-fill circuit. Detailed descriptions and analysis of the circuit operating principles are provided in this paper. Simulation and experimental results are given on a 13-W CFL tube from Osram Sylvania to highlight the merits of the proposed work.

Parameter estimation procedure for the equivalent circuit model of compact fluorescent lamps

The spreading use of compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs) in utility distribution systems is leading to increased concerns over power quality because CFLs consume highly distorted currents, which may account for significant power consumption of distribution feeders. For this reason, CFL models and estimation procedures of CFL model parameters must be studied in order to predict CFL harmonic current emissions into networks. This paper describes estimation procedures of CFL model parameters and presents estimation algorithms based on least-square techniques and actual measurements. The estimation procedures are validated with extensive laboratory measurements.

Model of Electronic Ballast Compact Fluorescent Lamps

The use of compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs) in utility distribution systems is spreading due to energy consumption concerns. This can damage system power quality because CFLs are nonlinear harmonic injecting loads. For this reason, CFL modeling must be studied to predict their harmonic current emissions into networks. This paper presents a CFL model for calculating these emissions, as well as a simple estimation algorithm for determining the model parameters from experimental measurements. They are both validated with laboratory tests.

Reductions in electricity losses in the distribution power system in case of the mass use of compact fluorescent lamps

The paper presents a method for the evaluation of the reductions in the technical and non-technical distribution losses in case of the mass use of compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs) in buildings in Serbia. The evaluation was based on an assumption that the two most used incandescent lamps in each of the 25–50% of the total number of dwellings in Serbia will be replaced with adequate CFLs, and that the same total number of lamps will be replaced in residential and non-residential sectors. A general methodology for the hourly estimation of the distribution loss reduction in case of reduced electricity consumption, based on the statistical processing of available data and on an integral (macroscopic) approach, is presented and used in the calculations. Such a methodology is appropriate because the electricity cost rate in the region changes on an hourly basis, being highest during hours when peaks of both the power demand and the decrease of distribution power losses occur. The paper illustrates that considerable reductions in both the technical and non-technical losses in the Serbian distribution power system can be achieved by applying energy efficient light sources.

Why don’t households see the light?: Explaining the diffusion of compact fluorescent lamps

Starting in 2009 the EU ban on the sale of incandescent bulbs will force households to purchase energy-saving compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs). The impact of the ban on consumers will depend on the nature of current barriers to the use of CFLs. This paper employs a Double-Hurdle model to identify distinct barriers to household consideration of CFLs and to the subsequent intensity of adoption using a large survey of German households. Barriers to CFL consideration are found to be low for all households, except those with very low incomes. Barriers to CFL consideration are, however, strongly linked to the residential characteristics of low-income households like small size and to the lack of household knowledge of energy consumption. CFLs use will increase after the ban mainly through a rise in the intensity of adoption. But the ban will be costly to consumers because the range of applications where households chose to employ CFLs is limited, particularly for high income households.

Ultraviolet radiation emitted by compact fluorescent lamps

To meet the objective of energy efficiency, increasing emphasis on use of energy saver compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs), makes it necessary to analyze the effect of radiation especially ultraviolet (UV) radiation on human health. Various types of CFLs in terms of various shapes, sizes and electrical powers are studied for UV content present in their radiation. Various parameters such as UV irradiance, ratio of UV irradiance to electrical power (η) and ratio of UV power to luminous flux (k), for eighteen types of CFLs are studied to dictate their performance. As expected, both the UV output power and the luminous flux are reduced in the case of double envelope CFLs in comparison to single envelope CFLs, however, the k value is reduced more effectively. For all types of CFLs under study, k1 for UVA remains less than 104 µW/lm, which is a safe limit for UVA. However, the study demonstrates that the use of CFLs might be detrimental to human health if these are used at shorter distance, e.g., in table lamps.

Reductions in electricity consumption and power demand in case of the mass use of compact fluorescent lamps

Abstract The paper presents a general methodology for the evaluation of the reduction in electricity consumption and its market value, as well as the reduction of the peak power demand in case of the mass use of compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs), illustrated on the Serbian power system. The evaluation was based on the assumption that the two most used incandescent lamps in each of 25–50% of the total number of dwellings in Serbia will be replaced with adequate CFLs, and that the same total number of lamps will be replaced in residential and non-residential sectors. The daily diagrams of the total electrical power demand in Serbia for days with the maximum and minimum yearly peak loads are presented and compared with the corresponding daily diagrams which took into account the planned lamp replacement and the coincidence factors (CFs) for the observed lamps, which in case of the residential sector are obtained by on-site monitoring of 344 dwellings. It was shown that, in order to precisely calculate the cost-effectiveness of the planned action, decrease of electricity consumption has to be calculated for each hour, because the electricity cost rate (ECR) usually changes on an hourly basis.

Mercury: Cleanup for Broken CFLs

Vol. 116, No. 9 EnvironewsOpen AccessMercury: Cleanup for Broken CFLs Graeme Stemp-Morlock Graeme Stemp-Morlock Search for more papers by this author Published:1 September 2008https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.116-a378Cited by:3AboutSectionsPDF ToolsDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditEmail Compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs) are about 75% more energy efficient than incandescent light bulbs and last 10 times longer, and thus have quickly become a modern-day environmental icon. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) estimates that about 290 million CFLs were sold in 2007. But CFLs do have one dim spot on their otherwise bright green image: the mercury that makes the bulbs’ inner phosphor coating fluoresce and produce light. A new study from a group of researchers at Brown University characterizes for the first time how elemental mercury vapor escapes from broken CFLs and offers a real-world solution for capturing escaping mercury.According to a June 2008 fact sheet issued by the EPA Energy Star program, the use of CFLs results in a net reduction in mercury entering the environment because their lower energy draw means less mercury-emitting coal needs to be burned. The EPA estimates that using a 13-W CFL saves 376 kWh over its 8,000-hour lifespan, preventing 4.5 mg of mercury from being emitted by a coal-burning power plant. Each small, curly tube contains about 3–5 mg of mercury—significantly less than the 500 mg in older thermometers, but enough that environmental and human health concerns remain.The research group headed by Robert Hurt, director of the Institute for Molecular and Nanoscale Innovation, broke a series of new and used CFLs to measure the release of mercury vapor into the air. In the hour immediately after each breakage, the team recorded mercury gas concentrations near the bulb shards between 200–800 μg/m3. For comparison, the average 8-hour occupational exposure limit allowed by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration is 100 μg/m3. Within 4 days a new 13-W CFL released about 30% of its mercury, with the remainder appearing to remain trapped in the bulb debris; picking up the glass shards after breakage reduced mercury release by 67%. Used bulbs followed similar patterns but with lower rates. The study, which was funded by the NIEHS Superfund Basic Research Program, was reported in the 1 August 2008 issue of Environmental Science & Technology.“The amount of mercury gas coming off [broken CFLs] is over a milligram over a few days. If you put that milligram into a poorly ventilated room, the concentration can be over the recommended limit for children [of 0.2 μg/m3],” says Hurt. “The overall risk is low, but it’s not zero risk, and there is definitely an opportunity to do better.”This kind of information could help regulators provide better information on how to handle broken CFLs. In 2007 the Maine Department of Environmental Protection performed one of the only other studies evaluating mercury exposure from broken CFLs. The EPA’s current recommendation to leave the room for at least 15 minutes immediately after breaking a CFL derives from that study. The EPA also recommends that broken CFL pieces be scooped up and placed in a plastic bag.However, Hurt’s research suggests that the peak for escaping mercury vapor lasts a few hours. The group also found that plastic bags leaked mercury vapor. “This new information may allow for modeling of airborne mercury concentrations following breakage, thus providing the capability to more fully assess the effectiveness of cleanup,” says Roxanne Smith, a press officer for the EPA.Hurt’s group also tested 28 sorbents for their ability to capture the released mercury gas. Because a sorbent’s surface area can affect how well it captures mercury, the team chose to test nanoscale formulations, which provide large surface area. One type of nanoselenium was found to be the most effective, removing 99% of the mercury vapor when impregnated in a cloth that was draped over a broken CFL or sprinkled over the breakage as a powder. When the mercury vapor reacted with nanoselenium, it formed mercury selenides, which are insoluble and metabolically inactive, according to a report in the November 2004 issue of the Seychelles Medical and Dental Journal. These compounds are also believed to be stable under landfill conditions (with the caveat that the environmental disposition and health effects of nanomaterials are still largely unknown).There are CFL recycling programs across the country at major retailers such as The Home Depot, but the Association of Lighting and Mercury Recyclers estimates that 98% of CFLs currently end up in landfills. Hurt’s group has therefore developed prototype packaging and disposal bags that can act as a barrier to prevent mercury from escaping as well as neutralize it. “Development of technology or material to more effectively clean up or capture mercury vapor may potentially minimize worker exposures during transport and disposal and, if readily available to consumers, may potentially minimize future inhalation exposures in residential settings,” says Smith.Nanoselenium (inset) may be one answer to the question of how to safely clean up mercury from broken CFLsFiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsCited By Morais A, Vieira C, Rodriguez R, Monteiro S, Candido V and Ferreira C (2016) Fluorescent Lamp Glass Waste Incorporation into Clay Ceramic: A Perfect Solution, JOM, 10.1007/s11837-016-1985-z, 68:9, (2425-2434), Online publication date: 1-Sep-2016. Levin L (2014) Mercury in the Environment Mercury Control, 10.1002/9783527658787.ch1, (1-12) Bose-O'Reilly S, McCarty K, Steckling N and Lettmeier B (2010) Mercury Exposure and Children's Health, Current Problems in Pediatric and Adolescent Health Care, 10.1016/j.cppeds.2010.07.002, 40:8, (186-215), Online publication date: 1-Sep-2010. Vol. 116, No. 9 September 2008Metrics About Article Metrics Publication History Originally published1 September 2008Published in print1 September 2008 Financial disclosuresPDF download License information EHP is an open-access journal published with support from the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health. All content is public domain unless otherwise noted. Note to readers with disabilities EHP strives to ensure that all journal content is accessible to all readers. However, some figures and Supplemental Material published in EHP articles may not conform to 508 standards due to the complexity of the information being presented. If you need assistance accessing journal content, please contact ehponline@niehs.nih.gov. Our staff will work with you to assess and meet your accessibility needs within 3 working days.

Mercury vapor release from broken compact fluorescent lamps and in situ capture by new nanomaterial sorbents.

The projected increase in the use of compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs) motivates the development of methods to manage consumer exposure to mercury and its environmental release at the end of lamp life. This work characterizes the time-resolved release of mercury vapor from broken CFLs and from underlying substrates after removal of glass fragments to simulate cleanup. In new lamps, mercury vapor is released gradually in amounts that reach 1.3 mg or 30% of the total lamp inventory after four days. Similar time profiles but smaller amounts are released from spent lamps or from underlying substrates. Nanoscale formulations of S, Se, Cu, Ni, Zn, Ag, and WS2 are evaluated for capture of Hg vapor under these conditions and compared to conventional microscale formulations. Adsorption capacities range over 7 orders of magnitude, from 0.005 (Zn micropowder) to 188 000 μg/g (unstabilized nano-Se), depending on sorbent chemistry and particle size. Nanosynthesis offers clear advantages for most sorbent chemistries. Unstabilized nano-selenium in two forms (dry powder and impregnated cloth) was successfully used in a proof-of-principle test for the in situ, real-time suppression of Hg vapor escape following CFL fracture.

When to buy new electrical/electronic products?

An environmental criterion for the determination of the usage pattern of electronic products was proposed. As such products usually have strong environmental impacts during the usage stage of their life cycles, and the impacts are generated mainly as a consequence of the power requirement, the use of energy consumption as a representative environmental indicator was justified. The model was performed on four case studies: computer monitors, refrigerators, light bulbs and induction motors. For computer monitors, liquid crystal display (LCD) was considered more environmental friendly than the cathode ray tube (CRT). However, disposing of the existing CRT and buying a new LCD might not be beneficial as the energy gained from the difference in the energy consumptions was not justified. Unlike computer monitors which were operated in periodic pattern, products such as refrigerators were mostly run continuously throughout their lives. In this case, buying a new, lower energy consumption model was often superior as the cumulative energy saving during the usage stage was significant compared with those occurred during the other life cycle stages. In general, the new product model should provide a better environmental performance, i.e. lower energy consumption rate. However, there were trade-offs between purchasing a replacement and repairing the old mal-functional one as the upgrade or repair of the old product could avoid the fixed energy consumption associated with the production stage of the new product. In the case of small electronic devices with low operating environmental impacts such as light bulbs and induction motors, the use of compact fluorescent lamps instead of incandescent lamps or new motors, respectively, were highly recommended. In particular for the case of induction motors, the maintenance such as the rewinding of old motors was proven to be beneficial.

Consumer choice in an energy efficient lighting context

Wide use of compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs) offers opportunity for residential savings with favourable environmental benefits. The size of the South African residential market shows that there are strong opportunities to be optimised. To exploit such opportunities, it is important to look at strategies that influence independent and interdependent consumer choice in lighting, and to examine how far these strategies have been successful in promoting the market penetration of CFLs. While this is so, there are some areas of concern about the performance of the product that have to be addressed, as well as need for public action arising from external diseconomies of consumption.

Consumer choice in an energy efficient lighting context

Wide use of compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs) offers opportunity for residential savings withfavourable environmental benefits. The size of the South African residential market shows that thereare strong opportunities to be optimised. To exploit such opportunities, it is important to look at strate-gies that influence independent and interdependentconsumer choice in lighting, and to examine how far these strategies have been successful in promoting the market penetration of CFLs. While this is so,there are some areas of concern about the performance of the product that have to be addressed, as well as need for public action arising from external diseconomies of consumption.